मैं "रेगुलर लर्निंग" सेटिंग में रेगुलर मशीन लर्निंग एनालिसिस और लीनियर रिग्रेशन में लीनियर रिग्रेशन में अंतर जानना चाहता हूं। गहरी लर्निंग सेटिंग में रेखीय प्रतिगमन के लिए कौन से एल्गोरिदम का उपयोग किया जाता है।
मैं "रेगुलर लर्निंग" सेटिंग में रेगुलर मशीन लर्निंग एनालिसिस और लीनियर रिग्रेशन में लीनियर रिग्रेशन में अंतर जानना चाहता हूं। गहरी लर्निंग सेटिंग में रेखीय प्रतिगमन के लिए कौन से एल्गोरिदम का उपयोग किया जाता है।
जवाबों:
यह मानते हुए कि गहन सीखने से आपका मतलब अधिक सटीक रूप से तंत्रिका नेटवर्क से है: एक वैनिला पूरी तरह से जुड़ा हुआ फीडफर्वर्ड न्यूरल नेटवर्क है, जिसमें केवल रैखिक सक्रियण फ़ंक्शन हैं, रैखिक प्रतिगमन का प्रदर्शन करेगा, चाहे इसकी कितनी भी परतें हों। एक अंतर यह है कि तंत्रिका नेटवर्क के साथ एक व्यक्ति आमतौर पर ढाल वंश का उपयोग करता है, जबकि "सामान्य" रैखिक प्रतिगमन के साथ यदि संभव हो तो सामान्य समीकरण का उपयोग करता है (जब सुविधाओं की संख्या बहुत बड़ी नहीं होती है)।
कोई छिपी हुई परत और एक रैखिक सक्रियण फ़ंक्शन (अर्थात पहचान सक्रियण फ़ंक्शन) का उपयोग करके पूरी तरह से कनेक्ट किए गए फीडफॉर्वर्ड न्यूरल नेटवर्क का उदाहरण :
यदि आप आउटपुट परत के सक्रियण फ़ंक्शन को सिग्मॉइड फ़ंक्शन के साथ बदलते हैं, तो तंत्रिका नेटवर्क लॉजिस्टिक प्रतिगमन करता है। यदि आप आउटपुट लेयर के सक्रियण फ़ंक्शन को सॉफ्टमैक्स फ़ंक्शन के साथ बदलते हैं और कुछ आउटपुट इकाइयाँ जोड़ते हैं, तो न्यूरल नेटवर्क मल्टीकेचर्स लॉजिस्टिक रिग्रेशन करता है: लॉजिस्टिक रिग्रेशन और न्यूरल नेटवर्क के बीच अंतर । यदि आप कॉस्ट फ़ंक्शन को हिंग के नुकसान के साथ बदलते हैं , तो तंत्रिका नेटवर्क एक एसवीएम है जो अपने मौलिक रूप में अनुकूलित है: http://cs231n.github.io/linear-classify/ ।
यहाँ TensorFlow में क्रमादेशित चित्र के ऊपर दिखाया गया उदाहरण है:
""" Linear Regression Example """
# https://github.com/tflearn/tflearn/blob/master/examples/basics/linear_regression.py
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
import tflearn
# Regression data
X = [3.3,4.4,5.5,6.71,6.93,4.168,9.779,6.182,7.59,2.167,7.042,10.791,5.313,7.997,5.654,9.27,3.1]
Y = [1.7,2.76,2.09,3.19,1.694,1.573,3.366,2.596,2.53,1.221,2.827,3.465,1.65,2.904,2.42,2.94,1.3]
# Linear Regression graph
input_ = tflearn.input_data(shape=[None])
linear = tflearn.single_unit(input_)
regression = tflearn.regression(linear, optimizer='sgd', loss='mean_square',
metric='R2', learning_rate=0.01)
m = tflearn.DNN(regression)
m.fit(X, Y, n_epoch=1000, show_metric=True, snapshot_epoch=False)
print("\nRegression result:")
print("Y = " + str(m.get_weights(linear.W)) +
"*X + " + str(m.get_weights(linear.b)))
print("\nTest prediction for x = 3.2, 3.3, 3.4:")
print(m.predict([3.2, 3.3, 3.4]))
# should output (close, not exact) y = [1.5315033197402954, 1.5585315227508545, 1.5855598449707031]
यहां एक कोड स्निपेट है जो किसी भी तंत्रिका नेटवर्क लाइब्रेरी का उपयोग नहीं करता है:
# From http://briandolhansky.com/blog/artificial-neural-networks-linear-regression-part-1
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# Load the data and create the data matrices X and Y
# This creates a feature vector X with a column of ones (bias)
# and a column of car weights.
# The target vector Y is a column of MPG values for each car.
X_file = np.genfromtxt('mpg.csv', delimiter=',', skip_header=1)
N = np.shape(X_file)[0]
X = np.hstack((np.ones(N).reshape(N, 1), X_file[:, 4].reshape(N, 1)))
Y = X_file[:, 0]
# Standardize the input
X[:, 1] = (X[:, 1]-np.mean(X[:, 1]))/np.std(X[:, 1])
# There are two weights, the bias weight and the feature weight
w = np.array([0, 0])
# Start batch gradient descent, it will run for max_iter epochs and have a step
# size eta
max_iter = 100
eta = 1E-3
for t in range(0, max_iter):
# We need to iterate over each data point for one epoch
grad_t = np.array([0., 0.])
for i in range(0, N):
x_i = X[i, :]
y_i = Y[i]
# Dot product, computes h(x_i, w)
h = np.dot(w, x_i)-y_i
grad_t += 2*x_i*h
# Update the weights
w = w - eta*grad_t
print "Weights found:",w
# Plot the data and best fit line
tt = np.linspace(np.min(X[:, 1]), np.max(X[:, 1]), 10)
bf_line = w[0]+w[1]*tt
plt.plot(X[:, 1], Y, 'kx', tt, bf_line, 'r-')
plt.xlabel('Weight (Normalized)')
plt.ylabel('MPG')
plt.title('ANN Regression on 1D MPG Data')
plt.savefig('mpg.png')
plt.show()
mpg.csv
स्टाॅक एक्सचेंज आंसर साइज लिमिटेशन के कारण डेटा फ़ाइल (~ 50% संक्षिप्त):
mpg (n),cylinders (n),displacement (n),horsepower (n),weight (n),acceleration (n),year (n),origin (n), name (s)
18.000000,8.000000,307.000000,130.000000,3504.000000,12.000000,70.000000,1.000000
15.000000,8.000000,350.000000,165.000000,3693.000000,11.500000,70.000000,1.000000
18.000000,8.000000,318.000000,150.000000,3436.000000,11.000000,70.000000,1.000000
16.000000,8.000000,304.000000,150.000000,3433.000000,12.000000,70.000000,1.000000
17.000000,8.000000,302.000000,140.000000,3449.000000,10.500000,70.000000,1.000000
15.000000,8.000000,429.000000,198.000000,4341.000000,10.000000,70.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,454.000000,220.000000,4354.000000,9.000000,70.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,440.000000,215.000000,4312.000000,8.500000,70.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,455.000000,225.000000,4425.000000,10.000000,70.000000,1.000000
15.000000,8.000000,390.000000,190.000000,3850.000000,8.500000,70.000000,1.000000
15.000000,8.000000,383.000000,170.000000,3563.000000,10.000000,70.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,340.000000,160.000000,3609.000000,8.000000,70.000000,1.000000
15.000000,8.000000,400.000000,150.000000,3761.000000,9.500000,70.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,455.000000,225.000000,3086.000000,10.000000,70.000000,1.000000
24.000000,4.000000,113.000000,95.000000,2372.000000,15.000000,70.000000,3.000000
22.000000,6.000000,198.000000,95.000000,2833.000000,15.500000,70.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,199.000000,97.000000,2774.000000,15.500000,70.000000,1.000000
21.000000,6.000000,200.000000,85.000000,2587.000000,16.000000,70.000000,1.000000
27.000000,4.000000,97.000000,88.000000,2130.000000,14.500000,70.000000,3.000000
26.000000,4.000000,97.000000,46.000000,1835.000000,20.500000,70.000000,2.000000
25.000000,4.000000,110.000000,87.000000,2672.000000,17.500000,70.000000,2.000000
24.000000,4.000000,107.000000,90.000000,2430.000000,14.500000,70.000000,2.000000
25.000000,4.000000,104.000000,95.000000,2375.000000,17.500000,70.000000,2.000000
26.000000,4.000000,121.000000,113.000000,2234.000000,12.500000,70.000000,2.000000
21.000000,6.000000,199.000000,90.000000,2648.000000,15.000000,70.000000,1.000000
10.000000,8.000000,360.000000,215.000000,4615.000000,14.000000,70.000000,1.000000
10.000000,8.000000,307.000000,200.000000,4376.000000,15.000000,70.000000,1.000000
11.000000,8.000000,318.000000,210.000000,4382.000000,13.500000,70.000000,1.000000
9.000000,8.000000,304.000000,193.000000,4732.000000,18.500000,70.000000,1.000000
27.000000,4.000000,97.000000,88.000000,2130.000000,14.500000,71.000000,3.000000
28.000000,4.000000,140.000000,90.000000,2264.000000,15.500000,71.000000,1.000000
25.000000,4.000000,113.000000,95.000000,2228.000000,14.000000,71.000000,3.000000
19.000000,6.000000,232.000000,100.000000,2634.000000,13.000000,71.000000,1.000000
16.000000,6.000000,225.000000,105.000000,3439.000000,15.500000,71.000000,1.000000
17.000000,6.000000,250.000000,100.000000,3329.000000,15.500000,71.000000,1.000000
19.000000,6.000000,250.000000,88.000000,3302.000000,15.500000,71.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,232.000000,100.000000,3288.000000,15.500000,71.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,350.000000,165.000000,4209.000000,12.000000,71.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,400.000000,175.000000,4464.000000,11.500000,71.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,351.000000,153.000000,4154.000000,13.500000,71.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,318.000000,150.000000,4096.000000,13.000000,71.000000,1.000000
12.000000,8.000000,383.000000,180.000000,4955.000000,11.500000,71.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,400.000000,170.000000,4746.000000,12.000000,71.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,400.000000,175.000000,5140.000000,12.000000,71.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,258.000000,110.000000,2962.000000,13.500000,71.000000,1.000000
22.000000,4.000000,140.000000,72.000000,2408.000000,19.000000,71.000000,1.000000
19.000000,6.000000,250.000000,100.000000,3282.000000,15.000000,71.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,250.000000,88.000000,3139.000000,14.500000,71.000000,1.000000
23.000000,4.000000,122.000000,86.000000,2220.000000,14.000000,71.000000,1.000000
28.000000,4.000000,116.000000,90.000000,2123.000000,14.000000,71.000000,2.000000
30.000000,4.000000,79.000000,70.000000,2074.000000,19.500000,71.000000,2.000000
30.000000,4.000000,88.000000,76.000000,2065.000000,14.500000,71.000000,2.000000
31.000000,4.000000,71.000000,65.000000,1773.000000,19.000000,71.000000,3.000000
35.000000,4.000000,72.000000,69.000000,1613.000000,18.000000,71.000000,3.000000
27.000000,4.000000,97.000000,60.000000,1834.000000,19.000000,71.000000,2.000000
26.000000,4.000000,91.000000,70.000000,1955.000000,20.500000,71.000000,1.000000
24.000000,4.000000,113.000000,95.000000,2278.000000,15.500000,72.000000,3.000000
25.000000,4.000000,97.500000,80.000000,2126.000000,17.000000,72.000000,1.000000
23.000000,4.000000,97.000000,54.000000,2254.000000,23.500000,72.000000,2.000000
20.000000,4.000000,140.000000,90.000000,2408.000000,19.500000,72.000000,1.000000
21.000000,4.000000,122.000000,86.000000,2226.000000,16.500000,72.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,350.000000,165.000000,4274.000000,12.000000,72.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,400.000000,175.000000,4385.000000,12.000000,72.000000,1.000000
15.000000,8.000000,318.000000,150.000000,4135.000000,13.500000,72.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,351.000000,153.000000,4129.000000,13.000000,72.000000,1.000000
17.000000,8.000000,304.000000,150.000000,3672.000000,11.500000,72.000000,1.000000
11.000000,8.000000,429.000000,208.000000,4633.000000,11.000000,72.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,350.000000,155.000000,4502.000000,13.500000,72.000000,1.000000
12.000000,8.000000,350.000000,160.000000,4456.000000,13.500000,72.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,400.000000,190.000000,4422.000000,12.500000,72.000000,1.000000
19.000000,3.000000,70.000000,97.000000,2330.000000,13.500000,72.000000,3.000000
15.000000,8.000000,304.000000,150.000000,3892.000000,12.500000,72.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,307.000000,130.000000,4098.000000,14.000000,72.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,302.000000,140.000000,4294.000000,16.000000,72.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,318.000000,150.000000,4077.000000,14.000000,72.000000,1.000000
18.000000,4.000000,121.000000,112.000000,2933.000000,14.500000,72.000000,2.000000
22.000000,4.000000,121.000000,76.000000,2511.000000,18.000000,72.000000,2.000000
21.000000,4.000000,120.000000,87.000000,2979.000000,19.500000,72.000000,2.000000
26.000000,4.000000,96.000000,69.000000,2189.000000,18.000000,72.000000,2.000000
22.000000,4.000000,122.000000,86.000000,2395.000000,16.000000,72.000000,1.000000
28.000000,4.000000,97.000000,92.000000,2288.000000,17.000000,72.000000,3.000000
23.000000,4.000000,120.000000,97.000000,2506.000000,14.500000,72.000000,3.000000
28.000000,4.000000,98.000000,80.000000,2164.000000,15.000000,72.000000,1.000000
27.000000,4.000000,97.000000,88.000000,2100.000000,16.500000,72.000000,3.000000
13.000000,8.000000,350.000000,175.000000,4100.000000,13.000000,73.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,304.000000,150.000000,3672.000000,11.500000,73.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,350.000000,145.000000,3988.000000,13.000000,73.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,302.000000,137.000000,4042.000000,14.500000,73.000000,1.000000
15.000000,8.000000,318.000000,150.000000,3777.000000,12.500000,73.000000,1.000000
12.000000,8.000000,429.000000,198.000000,4952.000000,11.500000,73.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,400.000000,150.000000,4464.000000,12.000000,73.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,351.000000,158.000000,4363.000000,13.000000,73.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,318.000000,150.000000,4237.000000,14.500000,73.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,440.000000,215.000000,4735.000000,11.000000,73.000000,1.000000
12.000000,8.000000,455.000000,225.000000,4951.000000,11.000000,73.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,360.000000,175.000000,3821.000000,11.000000,73.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,225.000000,105.000000,3121.000000,16.500000,73.000000,1.000000
16.000000,6.000000,250.000000,100.000000,3278.000000,18.000000,73.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,232.000000,100.000000,2945.000000,16.000000,73.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,250.000000,88.000000,3021.000000,16.500000,73.000000,1.000000
23.000000,6.000000,198.000000,95.000000,2904.000000,16.000000,73.000000,1.000000
26.000000,4.000000,97.000000,46.000000,1950.000000,21.000000,73.000000,2.000000
11.000000,8.000000,400.000000,150.000000,4997.000000,14.000000,73.000000,1.000000
12.000000,8.000000,400.000000,167.000000,4906.000000,12.500000,73.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,360.000000,170.000000,4654.000000,13.000000,73.000000,1.000000
12.000000,8.000000,350.000000,180.000000,4499.000000,12.500000,73.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,232.000000,100.000000,2789.000000,15.000000,73.000000,1.000000
20.000000,4.000000,97.000000,88.000000,2279.000000,19.000000,73.000000,3.000000
21.000000,4.000000,140.000000,72.000000,2401.000000,19.500000,73.000000,1.000000
22.000000,4.000000,108.000000,94.000000,2379.000000,16.500000,73.000000,3.000000
18.000000,3.000000,70.000000,90.000000,2124.000000,13.500000,73.000000,3.000000
19.000000,4.000000,122.000000,85.000000,2310.000000,18.500000,73.000000,1.000000
21.000000,6.000000,155.000000,107.000000,2472.000000,14.000000,73.000000,1.000000
26.000000,4.000000,98.000000,90.000000,2265.000000,15.500000,73.000000,2.000000
15.000000,8.000000,350.000000,145.000000,4082.000000,13.000000,73.000000,1.000000
16.000000,8.000000,400.000000,230.000000,4278.000000,9.500000,73.000000,1.000000
29.000000,4.000000,68.000000,49.000000,1867.000000,19.500000,73.000000,2.000000
24.000000,4.000000,116.000000,75.000000,2158.000000,15.500000,73.000000,2.000000
20.000000,4.000000,114.000000,91.000000,2582.000000,14.000000,73.000000,2.000000
19.000000,4.000000,121.000000,112.000000,2868.000000,15.500000,73.000000,2.000000
15.000000,8.000000,318.000000,150.000000,3399.000000,11.000000,73.000000,1.000000
24.000000,4.000000,121.000000,110.000000,2660.000000,14.000000,73.000000,2.000000
20.000000,6.000000,156.000000,122.000000,2807.000000,13.500000,73.000000,3.000000
11.000000,8.000000,350.000000,180.000000,3664.000000,11.000000,73.000000,1.000000
20.000000,6.000000,198.000000,95.000000,3102.000000,16.500000,74.000000,1.000000
19.000000,6.000000,232.000000,100.000000,2901.000000,16.000000,74.000000,1.000000
15.000000,6.000000,250.000000,100.000000,3336.000000,17.000000,74.000000,1.000000
31.000000,4.000000,79.000000,67.000000,1950.000000,19.000000,74.000000,3.000000
26.000000,4.000000,122.000000,80.000000,2451.000000,16.500000,74.000000,1.000000
32.000000,4.000000,71.000000,65.000000,1836.000000,21.000000,74.000000,3.000000
25.000000,4.000000,140.000000,75.000000,2542.000000,17.000000,74.000000,1.000000
16.000000,6.000000,250.000000,100.000000,3781.000000,17.000000,74.000000,1.000000
16.000000,6.000000,258.000000,110.000000,3632.000000,18.000000,74.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,225.000000,105.000000,3613.000000,16.500000,74.000000,1.000000
16.000000,8.000000,302.000000,140.000000,4141.000000,14.000000,74.000000,1.000000
13.000000,8.000000,350.000000,150.000000,4699.000000,14.500000,74.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,318.000000,150.000000,4457.000000,13.500000,74.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,302.000000,140.000000,4638.000000,16.000000,74.000000,1.000000
14.000000,8.000000,304.000000,150.000000,4257.000000,15.500000,74.000000,1.000000
29.000000,4.000000,98.000000,83.000000,2219.000000,16.500000,74.000000,2.000000
26.000000,4.000000,79.000000,67.000000,1963.000000,15.500000,74.000000,2.000000
26.000000,4.000000,97.000000,78.000000,2300.000000,14.500000,74.000000,2.000000
31.000000,4.000000,76.000000,52.000000,1649.000000,16.500000,74.000000,3.000000
32.000000,4.000000,83.000000,61.000000,2003.000000,19.000000,74.000000,3.000000
28.000000,4.000000,90.000000,75.000000,2125.000000,14.500000,74.000000,1.000000
24.000000,4.000000,90.000000,75.000000,2108.000000,15.500000,74.000000,2.000000
26.000000,4.000000,116.000000,75.000000,2246.000000,14.000000,74.000000,2.000000
24.000000,4.000000,120.000000,97.000000,2489.000000,15.000000,74.000000,3.000000
26.000000,4.000000,108.000000,93.000000,2391.000000,15.500000,74.000000,3.000000
31.000000,4.000000,79.000000,67.000000,2000.000000,16.000000,74.000000,2.000000
19.000000,6.000000,225.000000,95.000000,3264.000000,16.000000,75.000000,1.000000
18.000000,6.000000,250.000000,105.000000,3459.000000,16.000000,75.000000,1.000000
15.000000,6.000000,250.000000,72.000000,3432.000000,21.000000,75.000000,1.000000
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13.000000,8.000000,302.000000,129.000000,3169.000000,12.000000,75.000000,1.000000
29.000000,4.000000,97.000000,75.000000,2171.000000,16.000000,75.000000,3.000000
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15.500000,8.000000,304.000000,120.000000,3962.000000,13.900000,76.000000,1.000000
14.500000,8.000000,351.000000,152.000000,4215.000000,12.800000,76.000000,1.000000
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18.500000,6.000000,250.000000,110.000000,3645.000000,16.200000,76.000000,1.000000
17.500000,6.000000,258.000000,95.000000,3193.000000,17.800000,76.000000,1.000000
29.500000,4.000000,97.000000,71.000000,1825.000000,12.200000,76.000000,2.000000
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16.500000,6.000000,168.000000,120.000000,3820.000000,16.700000,76.000000,2.000000
16.500000,8.000000,350.000000,180.000000,4380.000000,12.100000,76.000000,1.000000
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13.000000,8.000000,318.000000,150.000000,3755.000000,14.000000,76.000000,1.000000
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25.500000,4.000000,122.000000,96.000000,2300.000000,15.500000,77.000000,1.000000
33.500000,4.000000,85.000000,70.000000,1945.000000,16.800000,77.000000,3.000000
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17.000000,8.000000,260.000000,110.000000,4060.000000,19.000000,77.000000,1.000000
15.500000,8.000000,318.000000,145.000000,4140.000000,13.700000,77.000000,1.000000
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25.500000,4.000000,140.000000,89.000000,2755.000000,15.800000,77.000000,1.000000
30.500000,4.000000,98.000000,63.000000,2051.000000,17.000000,77.000000,1.000000
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30.500000,4.000000,97.000000,78.000000,2190.000000,14.100000,77.000000,2.000000
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21.500000,4.000000,121.000000,110.000000,2600.000000,12.800000,77.000000,2.000000
21.500000,3.000000,80.000000,110.000000,2720.000000,13.500000,77.000000,3.000000
43.100000,4.000000,90.000000,48.000000,1985.000000,21.500000,78.000000,2.000000
36.100000,4.000000,98.000000,66.000000,1800.000000,14.400000,78.000000,1.000000
32.800000,4.000000,78.000000,52.000000,1985.000000,19.400000,78.000000,3.000000
39.400000,4.000000,85.000000,70.000000,2070.000000,18.600000,78.000000,3.000000
36.100000,4.000000,91.000000,60.000000,1800.000000,16.400000,78.000000,3.000000
19.900000,8.000000,260.000000,110.000000,3365.000000,15.500000,78.000000,1.000000
प्रतिगमन के लिए, जो कि गहन सीखने के लिए ज्यादातर मामलों में गैर-स्पष्ट है, अंतिम परत में पहचान समारोह और नुकसान फ़ंक्शन के साथ 1 न्यूरॉन होता है जिसे हम एमएसई, एमएई बाइनरी या वर्गीकरण के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले क्रॉस-एन्ट्रोपी के बजाय करते हैं।