1Lang
1 लैंग LISP या स्कीम की तरह एक कार्यात्मक उपसर्ग भाषा है, लेकिन बिना कोष्ठक के, जो कि अनावश्यक अनावश्यक श्वेत-स्थान को हटा देने पर इसे पढ़ना थोड़ा कठिन हो जाता है। कोष्ठक को हटाया जा सकता है क्योंकि सभी फ़ंक्शन और ऑपरेटर पैरामीटर की एक ज्ञात संख्या लेते हैं।
ब्रेसों को फंक्शन बॉडी और सशर्त परिणाम को परिसीमित करने और वैकल्पिक कोड ब्लॉक करने की आवश्यकता होती है, जिसमें बयानों की सूची शामिल हो सकती है।
एलआईएसपी में, फैक्टरियल को इस तरह परिभाषित किया जा सकता है:
(defun fact (x) (if (< x 2) 1 (* x (fact (- x 1))) ) )
1Lang में यह होगा
@Fx{ ? < x 2 {1} {* x F -x1} }
जिसे कम किया जा सकता है
@Fx{?<x2{1}{*xF-x1}}
1Lang वर्तमान में कोई साइड-इफ़ेक्ट का समर्थन नहीं करता है।
1 लैंग को बैश में लिखा गया है इसलिए यह वर्तमान में कुछ बश सीमाओं जैसे कि पूर्णांक सीमा को साझा करता है।
a-z are variables. Variable are either integers, strings, or lists.
NB: सूचियाँ पूरी तरह से लागू नहीं हैं।
A-Z are functions
Integers bash पूर्णांक (अप करने के लिए -2 ^ 32 से 2 ^ 31-1 मुझे लगता है) हैं। ऋणात्मक संख्याओं का सीधे उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है। एक नकारात्मक में प्रवेश करने के लिए, इसे शून्य से घटाएं। जैसे। -5 को -5 के रूप में दर्ज किया जाएगा। यह सीमा इसलिए है क्योंकि 1Lang प्रगति पर काम है और इस एप्लिकेशन के लिए नकारात्मक संख्याओं की आवश्यकता नहीं थी। मैं ~ का उपयोग करने के बारे में विचार कर रहा हूं, एक असमान नकारात्मक ऑपरेटर के रूप में, जो -5 को ~ 5 के रूप में इनपुट करने की अनुमति देगा।
श्वेत-स्थान को पूर्णांक को चित्रित करना आवश्यक है। जैसे। +2 ३
: means assign eg. :c34 to assign 34 to c
+-*/% are binary integer operators eg. +12 34
&|^ are binary bit-wise operators
! is unary boolean not
~ is unary one's complement
? is a if-then-else function-like operator. eg. ?=x3{*xx}{0} is x=3 return x*x else 0
+ is also a binary string concatenation operator eg. +99" bottles"
* is also a string repetition operator eg. *5" hello" or *" hello"5
@ defines a function eg. @Fx{?<x1{1}{*xF-x1}}
फ़ंक्शन पैरामीटर नाम कॉलर्स चर को अधिभारित कर सकते हैं। किसी फ़ंक्शन के भीतर असाइन किए गए सभी चर स्थानीय हैं।
मुद्रण आवश्यक नहीं है (हालांकि यह उपयोगी हो सकता है) क्योंकि एलआईएसपी की तरह प्रत्येक विवरण एक मूल्य लौटाता है, और अंतिम मूल्य लौटाया जाता है।
eg. +2 3 prints 5
कोष्ठक के बिना उपसर्ग संकेतन का एक अप्रत्याशित व्यवहार यह है कि स्ट्रिंग संघनन वास्तव में लिखना आसान हो सकता है। कहो कि आप संक्षिप्त करना चाहते हैं "a" " quick" " brown" " fox", एक लिख सकता है:
+++"a"" quick"" brown"" fox"
लेकिन एक अधिक पठनीय और कम त्रुटि प्रवण विधि यह है:
+"a"+" quick"+" brown"" fox" (Note missing + between last terms)
या
+"a"+" quick"+" brown"+" fox"""
99 बियर कोड की बोतलें:
:b" of beer"
:w" on the wall"
:t"Take one down and pass it around, "
:s"Go to the store and buy some more, "
:c", "
:n".\n"
@Bx{?=x0{+"No more bottles"b}{+x+" bottle"+?=x1{""}{"s"}b}}
@Fx{?=x0{+B0+w+c+B0+n+s+B99+wn}{+Bx+w+c+Bx+n+t+B-x1+w+n+"\n"F-x1}}
F99
एक्स के आधार पर फ़ंक्शन बी "कोई और बोतल नहीं" या "1 बोतल" या "बोतलें" देता है।
समारोह एफ सामान्य छंद या अंतिम कविता देता है। एक सामान्य पद्य को पुनरावृत्ति के साथ संक्षिप्त किया जाता है जिसे -x1 के साथ F को पुन: कॉल किया जाता है। जब x 0 होता है, तो F अंतिम कविता देता है।
यह उत्पन्न होता है (F5 के लिए बीयर की 5 बोतलें शुरू होती हैं ...):
> F5
5 bottles of beer on the wall, 5 bottles of beer.
Take one down and pass it around, 4 bottles of beer on the wall.
4 bottles of beer on the wall, 4 bottles of beer.
Take one down and pass it around, 3 bottles of beer on the wall.
3 bottles of beer on the wall, 3 bottles of beer.
Take one down and pass it around, 2 bottles of beer on the wall.
2 bottles of beer on the wall, 2 bottles of beer.
Take one down and pass it around, 1 bottle of beer on the wall.
1 bottle of beer on the wall, 1 bottle of beer.
Take one down and pass it around, No more bottles of beer on the wall.
No more bottles of beer on the wall, No more bottles of beer.
Go to the store and buy some more, 99 bottles of beer on the wall.
<End>
500 लाइनों में अंडर लैंग दुभाषिया (बैश में लिखा हुआ)।
#!/bin/bash
LC_ALL=C # else [a-z] and [A-Z] misbehave
# functions return result on stdout
# functions have an environment
# Requirements:
# * minimise size
# -> eliminate delimiters
# -> single letter variables and functions
# -> no precidence
# -> no overloading
# *
# string "text with \characters as per printf"
# numbers 123
# functions F3
# Built-ins +-*/%^ &|~ ! etc.
# assignment :v12 :v"string"
log(){ local m="${l:p}" m="${m//[$NL]/\n}" v="${FUNCNAME[1]}"; echo "$v: l=[${l//[$NL]/\n}] ch=[${ch/[$NL]/\n}] next=[$m]" >&2; }
logr(){ local m="${l:p}" m="${m//[$NL]/\n}" v="${FUNCNAME[1]}"; echo "$v: l=[${l//[$NL]/\n}] ch=[${ch/[$NL]/\n}] next=[$m] ret=[${ret//[$NL]/\n}]" >&2; }
logv(){ local v="${FUNCNAME[1]}"; echo "$v: ret=[${ret//[$NL]/\n}]" >&2; }
logm(){ local m="$1" v="${FUNCNAME[1]}"; echo "$v: ${m//[$NL]/\n} in [${read//[$NL]/\n}]." >&2; }
msg(){ echo -En "$1" >&2; }
msn(){ echo -E "$1" >&2; }
# ==========
# Line layer
# ==========
declare l
readline(){ read -rp"1lang> " l; }
#==================
# Environment Layer
#==================
declare -A v t # variables and variable type
declare ret typ # all bash function return these values
# assign = : var expression
assign(){
local var
readch
var && var=$ret || { logm "ERROR: variable name expected" ; return 1; }
exp || { logm "ERROR: value or expression expected"; return 1; }
v["$var"]="$ret"
t["$var"]="$typ"
}
# get variable value
get(){
local var
var && var=$ret || { logm "ERROR: variable name expected"; return 1; }
ret=${v["$var"]}
typ=${t["$var"]}
}
declare -A func fpar
declare -iA fnum # functions
# define = @ F param* { body }
define(){
local fn par body
readch
fn && fn=$ret || { logm "ERROR: function name expected"; return 1; }
fpar[$fn]= # zero parameters
fnum[$fn]= # zero parameter counter
while var;do # read parameters
fpar[$fn]+=$ret
fnum[$fn]+=1 # cound parameters
done
# get body but remove block delimiters
skip "{" "}" && body="${ret:1: -1}" || { logm "ERROR: function body expected"; return 1; }
readch # skip }
func[$fn]="$body" # store function body
ret="@$fn${fpar[$fn]}{$body}"
typ='f'
}
apply(){
local fn=$ch n c s; local -i N q
readch
N=${fnum[$fn]} # number of parameters
n=${fpar[$fn]} # parameters
s=${func[$fn]} # function body
c=
for((q=0; q<N; q++)){
exp || { logm "ERROR: value expected"; return 1; }
c+="v[${n:q:1}]=\"$ret\"; " # add value to script
c+="t[${n:q:1}]=\"$typ\"; " # add type to script
}
# parse function in a subshell and echo result and type back
# subshell means all variable changes in function are local
c+="parse <<<'$s'; echo -E \"\$typ\$ret\"" # combine type and value
ret=
typ=
ret="$( eval "$c" )" || { logm "ERROR: function application failed"; return 1; }
typ="${ret::1}" # extract type
ret="${ret:1}" # get actual return value
}
# bash oddities:
# [[ 1 -eq 1 ]] -> 0 or success
# [[ 1 -eq 2 ]] -> 1 or failed
# x=1\<2 -> a=1 (true)
# x=1\<1 -> a=0 (false)
# ((1==1)) -> 0 or success
# ((1==2)) -> 1 or failed
# declare -i a; a=1==1 -> a=1 (true)
# declare -i a; a=1==2 -> a=0 (false)
binary(){
local -i iret; local op=$ch a b at bt
readch
exp && { a="$ret"; at=$typ; } || { logm "ERROR: initial expression expected"; return 1; }
exp && { b="$ret"; bt=$typ; } || { logm "ERROR: second expression expected" ; return 1; }
ret=
typ=
case "$at$bt" in
nn) # num op num
case "$op" in
[\*]) iret=a*b;;
[\^]) iret=a**b;;
[\+]) iret=a+b;;
[\-]) iret=a-b;;
[\/]) [[ b -ne 0 ]] && { iret=a/b; } || { logm "ERROR: division by 0" ; return 1; };;
[\%]) [[ b -ne 0 ]] && { iret=a%b; } || { logm "ERROR: modulo division by 0"; return 1; };;
[\&]) iret=a\&b;;
[\|]) iret=a\|b;;
[\#]) iret=a\^b;;
[\=]) iret=a==b;;
[\<]) iret=a\<b;;
[\>]) iret=a\>b;;
esac
ret=$iret
typ='n';; # result is always a decimal number
ss) # string op string
case "$op" in
# [\*]) arith=a*b;; # combine?
# [\#]) arith=${}a**b; type='s';;
[\+]) ret="$a$b"; typ='s';; # concatenate
[\-]) ret="${a//$b}"; typ='s';; # remove substrings
[\=]) [[ $a = $b ]]; ret=$?; typ='n';;
[\<]) [[ $a < $b ]]; ret=$?; typ='n';;
[\>]) [[ $a > $b ]]; ret=$?; typ='n';;
esac;;
ns) # num op string =3"hello" ="hello"3 ="3"3 =3"4"
case "$op" in
[\+]) ret="$a$b"; typ='s';; # concatenate
[\*]) ret=$(eval echo \"\${b[0]\"{1..$a}\"}\"); typ='s';; # repeat b a times
[\=]) ((${#b}==a)); ret=$?; typ='n';; # length b is a
# [\<]) [[ $a < $b ]]; arith=$?; typ='n';;
# [\>]) [[ $a > $b ]]; arith=$?; typ='n';;
esac;;
sn) # string op num *"hello"3 ="3"3 =3"4"
case "$op" in
[\+]) ret="$a$b"; typ='s';; # concatenate
[\*]) ret=$(eval echo \"\${a[0]\"{1..$b}\"}\"); typ='s';; # repeat a b times
[\=]) ((${#a}==b)); ret=$?; typ='n';; # length a is b
# [\<]) [[ $a < $b ]]; arith=$?; typ='n';;
# [\>]) [[ $a > $b ]]; arith=$?; typ='n';;
esac;;
*) logm "ERROR: undefined operation [$op] for [$a] [$at] and [$b] [$bt]"; return 1;
esac
return 0
}
# FIXME: string ops?
unary(){
local -i iret; local op="$ch"
readch
exp || { logm "ERROR: expression expected"; return 1; }
case "$op" in
[\!]) iret=\!ret;;
[\~]) iret=\~ret;;
esac
ret=$iret
typ='n' # result is always a decimal number
}
#==============
# Control Layer
#==============
# iff = ? boolean { consequence block } { alternative block }
# ?<1 2{+4 5}{+1 2}
iff(){
local -i c; local iff ift
readch
exp && c=$ret || { logm "ERROR: value or expression expected"; return 1; }
[[ c -eq 1 ]] && { # true so do consequence
ws
block && { iff="$ret"; ift="$typ"; } || { logm "ERROR: consequence block error"; return 1; }
ws
skip "{" "}" || { logm "ERROR: alternate block expected"; return 1; }
ret="$iff"
typ="$ift"
} || {
ws
skip "{" "}" || { logm "ERROR: consequence block expected"; return 1; }
ws
block || { logm "ERROR: alternate block error"; return 1; }
}
}
#==============
# Symbols Layer
#==============
# fn = [A-Z]
fn(){
# FIXME: make evalu?
[[ $ch = [A-Z] ]] || return 1
ret=$ch
typ='c'
readch
}
# var = [a-z]
var(){
# FIXME: make evalu?
[[ $ch = [a-z] ]] || return 1
ret=$ch
typ='c'
readch
}
# list = ( token* )
# FIXME: not finished and no operators support lists
list(){
local list=$ch prev
readch
while [[ $ch != ')' ]];do
exp || { logm "ERROR: expression expected"; return 1; }
case $typ in
[n]) list+=" $ret";;
[s]) list+="$ret";;
[l]) list+="$ret";;
esac
ws
done
ret="$list$ch"
readch
typ='l'
return 0
}
#============
# Token Layer
#============
# char = ' echoch
#echoch = \ {special echo escape character} | {char}
char(){
readch
case "$ch" in
[\\]) escch || { logm "ERROR: escape character expected"; return 1; };;
?) ret="$ch"; readch
esac
typ='c'
}
# escaped characters are a pain
# use read with -r to read in verbatim - no escaping
# use echo -E to write out verbatim (except \\ may be processed)
declare escchS
declare ECHO='abefnrtv'
# double \\ for a \
escch(){
local ESC="$ch"
readch # skip \
case "$ch" in
[$ECHO]) printf -v ret "%b" "$ESC$ch"; readch;;
[\\]) ret="\\"; readch;;
[\"]) ret="\""; readch;;
[0-7]) onum && { printf -v ret "%b" "$ESC$ret" ; } || { logm "ERROR: octal number expected"; return 1; };;
[xU]) readch; hnum && { printf -v ret "%b" "${ESC}x$ret"; } || { logm "ERROR: hex number expected" ; return 1; };;
?) ret="$ch"
[[ $escchS ]] || {
tidyReadCh
logm "WARNING: only octal, hex, unicode, and [$ECHO\\\"] characters need to be escaped with '$ESC'"
logm "WARNING: [$ch] in [$l] does not need to be escaped"
escchS="OFF"
}
readch
esac
typ='c'
}
# num = digit digit*
# onum = odigit odigit*
# onum = hdigit hdigit*
num(){ local num; num=$ch; readch; while digit;do num+=$ret; done; ret=$num; typ='n'; }
onum(){ local num; num=$ch; readch; while odigit;do num+=$ret; done; ret=$num; typ='n'; }
hnum(){ local num; num=$ch; readch; while hdigit;do num+=$ret; done; ret=$num; typ='n'; }
# digit = [0-9]
# odigit = [0-7]
# odigit = [0-9a-fA-F]
digit(){ [[ $ch == [0-9] ]] || { ret=-1; return 1; }; ret=$ch; typ='s'; readch; }
odigit(){ [[ $ch == [0-7] ]] || { ret=-1; return 1; }; ret=$ch; typ='s'; readch; }
hdigit(){ [[ $ch == [0-9a-fA-F] ]] || { ret=-1; return 1; }; ret=$ch; typ='s'; readch; }
# string = " char* "
# char = escch | {any character}
string(){
skip "\"" "\"" || { logm "ERROR: quoted string expected"; return 1; }
ret="${ret:1: -1}"
typ='s'
return 0
}
# ==========
# Char layer
# ==========
declare ch read
declare -i p L COUNT
readch(){
if [[ p -eq L ]]; then # need more code
readline || { ch=; p=L=0; l="EOF"; return 1; }
l+=$NL;
p=0
L=${#l}
fi
# FIXME: remove once eady - prevents bash consuming all memory
COUNT+=1
((COUNT>100000)) && { logm "FAILSAFE: too many charcters read"; return 1; }
ch="${l:p:1}"
read+="$ch"
p+=1 # queue next character
}
# skip = SS content* ES
# content = ch | escch | skip(SS ES)
# string = " ch* "
skip(){
local s="$1" e="$2" b="$ch"
typ='z' # code fragment
[[ $ch != $s ]] && return # nothing to skip
readch
while [[ -n $ch ]];do
case "$ch" in
$e) b+="$e" ; readch; ret="$b"; return 0;;
$s) skip "$s" "$e"; b+="$ret";;
[\\]) escch ; b+="$ret";;
[\"]) skip "\"" "\""; b+="$ret";;
?) b+="$ch" ; readch
esac
done
ret="$b"
logm "ERROR: unexpected EOF"
exit 1
}
# FIXME: still required?
shopt -s extglob
shopt -u nocasematch
declare NL; printf -v NL "%b" "\n" # echo $NL | hexdump -C
declare WS; printf -v WS "%b" " \n\t\r" # define whitespace
# FIXME: should it set ret and typ?
ws(){ while [[ $ch == [$WS] ]];do readch; done; } # skip any WS
#=====
# eval
#=====
# exp = [0-9] num
# | " string "
# | : assignment
# | @ function definition
# | [-+*/%^] binary operation
# | [&|#<>=] boolean operation
# | [!~] unary operation
# | [A-Z] function application
# | [a-z] variable
# | ? if expression
# | { expression* } block expression
# | ( expression* ) list of expressions
# spare prefix characters [ '$[]_\;, ]
# [v head of list
# ]v tail of list
exp(){
ws
case "$ch" in
[0-9]) num || { logm "ERROR: number expected" ; return 1; };;
# [\']) char || { logm "ERROR: char expected" ; return 1; };;
[\"]) string || { logm "ERROR: string expected" ; return 1; };;
[\:]) assign || { logm "ERROR: assignment expected" ; return 1; };;
[\@]) define || { logm "ERROR: function definition expected" ; return 1; };;
[-+*/%^]) binary || { logm "ERROR: binary expression expected" ; return 1; };;
[\&\|#\<\>=]) binary || { logm "ERROR: binary expression expected" ; return 1; };;
[\!~]) unary || { logm "ERROR: unary expression expected" ; return 1; };;
[A-Z]) apply || { logm "ERROR: function failed" ; return 1; };;
[a-z]) get || { logm "ERROR: variable name expected" ; return 1; };;
[\?]) iff || { logm "ERROR: boolean expression expected" ; return 1; };;
[\{]) block || { logm "ERROR: code block expected" ; return 1; };;
[\(]) list || { logm "ERROR: list expected" ; return 1; };;
'') ret=; logm "ERROR: unexpected EOF" ; return 1;;
*) ret="$ch" ; return 1;;
esac
return 0
}
# block = { code }
block(){
readch # skip {
while [[ $ch != "}" ]];do
exp || {
tidyReadCh
logm "WARNING: ignoring previous error or unknown symbol [$ch]"
[[ errors+=1 -gt 5 ]] && { logm "ERROR: exiting due to too many warnings"; exit 1; }
}
ws
done
readch # skip }
return 0
}
#=====
# repl
#=====
# pass an expression on stdin- not used withing same ebvironment - called by apply
parse(){
p=L # force readline
ch=
read=
readch # clears ch
while [[ $ch && $ch != '.' ]];do
exp || { logm "ERROR: expression expected"; return 1; }
read=$ch
ws
done
# last expression is returned as result
}
tidyReadCh(){
tidyRead
ch="${ch//[$NL]/\n}"
}
tidyRead(){
read="${read//[$NL]}"
}
# repl = eval* EOF
# eval = evalu | readch
repl(){
readch
while [[ $ch && $ch != '.' ]];do
exp && {
tidyRead
msn "> $read" # echo line except for WS
# echo -E "$ret [$typ]"
echo -E "$ret"
read=$ch
} || {
tidyReadCh
msn "> $read"
logm "WARNING: ignoring previous error or unknown symbol [$ch]"
read=
readch
[[ errors+=1 -gt 5 ]] && { logm "ERROR: exiting due to too many warnings"; exit 1; }
}
ws
done
msn "<End>"
}
#=====
# test
#=====
# FIXME: negative numbers
msn "1Lang"
repl <<<'
:b" of beer"
:w" on the wall"
:t"Take one down and pass it around, "
:s"Go to the store and buy some more, "
:c", "
:n".\n"
@Bx{?=x0{+"No more bottles"b}{+x+" bottle"+?=x1{""}{"s"}b}}
@Fx{?=x0{+B0+w+c+B0+n+s+B99+wn}{+Bx+w+c+Bx+n+t+B-x1+w+n+"\n"F-x1}}
F99
'